Twenty-six men who died while serving in the two World Wars are commemorated in some form at Wainsgate, either in the graveyard or on the Wainsgate war memorial and photograph.. There is also one, Percy Brown Roe, who survived the war and died in the Oxenhope charabanc disaster in 1920, but whose grave has a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone. There is also Arthur Kitchen, who is not listed on the Wainsgate memorials and whose name does not appear on a headstone in the graveyard: his wife, daughter, mother and grandmother are buried at Wainsgate, so he has been included in this list. Twenty-six died during WW1, and only one, John Crabtree, was killed during WW2.

The three who died in this country (Vernon Harcourt Clay, Wilbert Jackson and Percy Brown Roe) are all buried at Wainsgate. Vernon Clay was seriously wounded in France, brought back to England, and died at Chelsea Hospital. Wilbert Jackson died of pneumonia while undergoing training in London, and is buried with his mother. His headstone also commemorates his brother, Sam who was killed in France in 1916. These three graves are maintained by the Commonwealth War graves Commission, and those of Vernon Clay and Percy Roe have standard CWGC headstones.

All of the others who died in WW1 are interred or commemorated in France or Belgium, apart from Ellis Sutcliffe, who was killed in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and is commemorated at Basra Memorial, and Albert Barrett Harwood, who was lost at sea, and is commemorated at the Tower Hill Memorial in London. John Crabtree was killed in Egypt in 1942, and is interred at El Alamein War Cemetery. Those who are not buried at Wainsgate are commemorated on family headstones in the graveyard, with the exception of Thomas Roger Ashworth, Arthur Kitchen, Archibald Sunderland and Ellis Sutcliffe.

All of the men who died were serving in the Army, with two exceptions: Wilbert Jackson was with the Royal Marines (Royal Naval Division Medical Unit), and Albert Barrett Harwood was in the Merchant Navy.

Only one of those who died (2^nd Lieutenant Vernon Harcourt Clay) was a commissioned officer. He was also the only one who had been decorated, having been awarded the Military Cross (which was only awarded to officers) for ‘conspicuous gallantry during operations’.

The average age of those who died was 26. The oldest, George Sowden, was 39. The youngest, Vernon Ashworth, eldest son of Wainsgate’s choirmaster, was 19. Three families each lost two sons: Sam and Wilbert Jackson, Fred and Willie Southwell, and George and James Sowden. The Southwell family had already lost a son, Albert, killed in Canada’s worst mining disaster in June 1914, weeks before the outbreak of WW1. His father, John Southwell, died in 1916, not knowing that two more of his sons would be killed in the war shortly afterwards.

Click on these LINKS for some sidetracks…..

THE WAR MEMORIALS

THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME

THE RECHABITES

TOWER HILL MEMORIAL

POSTSCRIPT

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Eleven of the men who died in WW1 are commemorated on the Wainsgate war memorial and photograph, both of which are located inside the chapel and are dedicated to the men of Wainsgate Chapel and Sunday School who ‘lost their lives in the cause of liberty’ in the ‘Great War 1914-1918’.

Four men who are commemorated in the graveyard (Astin Jarvis, Henry William Dewhirst, Fred Southwell and Albert Barrett Harwood) are commemorated on the photograph and memorial from Old Town (Wesleyan) Methodist Chapel, Walker Lane, which have both been relocated to Wainsgate following the closure of the Methodist Chapel.

Images from the Alan Bramwell Collection – Pennine Horizons Digital Archive.

The original photomontage was discovered while Walker Lane chapel was being converted into two houses in 2018. It was photographed by Alan Bramwell, who then spent many hours digitally restoring the image, which was framed and is now displayed in Wainsgate chapel.

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The Walker Lane memorial and photograph both refer to the ‘Great War 1914-1919’. The war formally ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28^th June 1919 rather than the Armistice of 11^th November 1918, and this date is considered by some to be the true date when the war ended. The UK Parliament officially declared the war ended on 31^st August 1921.

WADSWORTH WAR MEMORIAL

The Wadsworth War Memorial is a ‘stone obelisk of rusticated masonry, surmounting a square plinth that bears four tablets with incised inscription’, about 41 feet (12.5m) high, and based on the design of nearby Stoodley Pike (which is 120 feet high). It sits in a prominent position between Crimsworth Dean and Pecket Well Clough on a rocky outcrop usually known as Smeakin Hill (although sometimes also called Smeekin Hill, Smeeking Hill or Smeaking Hill), and is also known as Pecket Pike. It was ‘designed by Mr. D Parker, local surveyor’ – Dent Parker (Albert Dentith Parker, 1875-1952, who is buried at Wainsgate in plot C613), and built by local builder Oldfield Watson at a cost of £624 on land given by Mr Wear (or Weir), a Bradford businessman of Crimsworth Farm.

The monument was unveiled by Major R. H. Barker on 23rd September 1923, although the tablets with the names of the 34 men who had died in the war were not present when the monument was unveiled and were added later. There was a procession from Old Town Green for the dedication ceremony, and the memorial was handed over to Mr C. H. Bricknell, Chairman of Wadsworth Parish Council by the Rev. Joseph Fielding, pastor of Waisgate Baptist Church, who had been Chairman of the Memorial Committee. The tablet with the names of the six men who had died in WW2 was unveiled on 7th November 1948: the unveiling and dedication were accompanied by a choir conducted by Raymond Ashworth, choirmaster at Wainsgate.

Photographs by Kevin Waterhouse and Nigel Lloyd. The top photograph shows the Wadsworth War Menorial with the tower of St.Thomas the Apostle Heptonstall and Stoodley Pike in the background.

The memorial is listed Grade II, and the Historic England listing describes it as:

‘An eloquent winess to the tragic impact of world events on the local community, and the sacrifice made in the nonflicts of the 20th century. Architectural interest. A substantial and prominently sited memorial in the form of an obelisk that has become a cherished local landmark. It is a well-designed and well-executed memorial employing good quality materials and craftsmanship’.

The Wadsworth War Memorial commemorates thirty-four men from the parish who died in WW1 and six who died in WW2: of these, ten associated with Wainsgate died in WW1 (Thomas Roger Ashworth, Willie Ashworth, Vernon Harcourt Clay, Henry William Dewhirst, Albert Barrett Harwood, Astin Jarvis, Ethelbert Redman, George Sowden, James Sowden and Arnold Sutcliffe) and one, John Crabtree, died in WW2.

WADSWORTH ROLL OF HONOUR 1914 – 1919

All the men from Wainsgate who died in the First World War are included in the Wadsworth Roll of Honour 1914 – 1919 , which contains details and brief biographies of 63 men from Wadsworth who died in the conflict. The Roll of Honour is kept at Wainsgate, and can be viewed whever the chapel is open to the public.

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INTERRED AT WAINSGATE

Vernon Harcourt CLAY MC

Second Lieutenant, 10^th (Service) Bn. Lancashire Fusiliers. Died of wounds 26th October 1916, age 21. CWGC headstone, plot E899. Also on this plot is a white marble scroll with lead lettering and a representation of a Military Cross, although much of the lettering is missing. The scroll includes the epitaph ‘A Willing Sacrifice’. His parents, brother and sister are buried in an adjacent plot, E871. Commemorated on the Hope Chapel war memorial and photograph and on Wadsworth War Memorial, Smeakin Hill.

Vernon Harcourt Clay was the second son of James Clay and Eva Ann Clay (born Thorp) of Stoodley Range, Hebden Bridge. His elder brother Laurence, a medical officer at Crumpsall Hospital, Manchester had died at the age of 25 in 1906, and he also had an older sister, Doris Gwendoline. Vernon was educated at Hebden Bridge Secondary School and New College Harrogate, and after completing his education joined his father’s fustian business at Hangingroyd, Hebden Bridge.

At the outbreak of war he was on holiday in Switzerland, but returned home and enlisted immediately as a Private in the West Riding Regiment. As a young man of ‘superior education and gifts of character’ he could probably have obtained a commission at once, but chose to serve in the ranks and only accept military honours when he had ‘earned them by hard work, efficiency, heroism and sacrifice’: he was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Lancashire Fusiliers in December 1915. He was awarded the Military Cross for ‘conspicuous gallantry during operations’ but on 7th July 1916, during the Battle of Albert (the first two weeks of the Somme Offensive) he was hit by shrapnel from a shell that exploded close to him near Contalmaison, suffering serious head wounds and blinded in both eyes. He died in the Chelsea Hospital, London, on 26th October 1916, with his parents and sister at his bedside.

‘For conspicuous gallantry during operations. He successfully led a risky reconnaissance. He shot two of the enemy with his revolver, led a bombing attack establishing a stop, and repulsed several hostile bomb attacks during the afternoon. Next day he made another dangerous reconnaisance.’

Supplement to the London Gazette, 25th August 1916 – report of Vernon Clay’s award of the Military Cross.

His funeral service was held at Hope Baptist Church, Hebden Bridge, a church that he had been closely involved with, and he was buried at Wainsgate on 30th October. The funeral service and committal were conducted by Rev. Edward Owen.

Vernon was a member of Caldene Hockey Club, Hebden Bridge Liberal Club and was secretary of the Young Men’s Mutual Class at Hope Baptist Church. His obituaries said that he had:

‘a keen sense of humour and was fond of innocent fun and frolic………..his buoyancy of spirit, his great hopefulness and boundless enthusiasm……..the grandeur of scenery appealed to him mightily, and whatever was beautiful in nature, art, poetry and human life gave him genuine delight’.

After his death his father, a prominent local businessman, councillor and JP, endowed Hebden Bridge Secondary School with a scholarship in his memory.

THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME

The Battle of the Somme took place between 1st July and 18th November 1916 in northern France. More than three million men fought in the battle and over a million from both sides were killed or wounded, making it one of the most devastating wartime events in human history. On the first day of the Somme offensive over 19,000 British troops were killed and nearly 40,000 wounded – the greatest loss of life in one day in British military history.

The British army was the largest volunteer force ever to go into battle – thousands of young men had responded to Kitchener’s call to go to war, and were full of enthusiasm and patriotic spirit. Their leaders – commander-in-chief General Sir Douglas Haig and his generals and senior officers – were largely elderly, unimaginative, incompetent and uncaring: dreaming of cavalry charges while sending their troops to face the German machine guns. Junior officers, like Vernon Clay, were often young former public schoolboys, often intelligent and thoughtful but given no tactical responsibility by their senior officers. They led their men from the front, and many were killed or wounded as a result: the life expectancy of a junior officer in WW1 was about six weeks.

Vernon Clay was mortally wounded at the end of the first week of the Somme Offensive, and died a few weeks before it ended. Between 1st July and 18th November 1916 around 420,000 British & Commonwealth troops, 200,000 French troops and at least 450,000 German troops were killed or seriously wounded. At the end of it all, the Anglo-French armies had not achieved their operational objectives and had advanced about 6 miles (10km) on a front of 16 miles (25km).

‘Somme. The whole history of the world cannot contain a more ghastly word‘.

– Friedrich Steinbrecher, German soldier, from a letter home written 12th August 1916. Steinbrecher was killed in action in 1917.

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Wilbert JACKSON

Private, Deal/3229(S), RM Medical Unit, Royal Naval Division, Royal Marines. Died 23rd January 1915, age 21. Died of pneumonia while undergoing training. Commemorated on family headstone, plot B1177 (which is maintained by the CWGC), together with his brother Sam Jackson who was killed in France in 1916 and his mother, Margaret Jane Jackson, who died in 1906. ‘Flowers fade, but the memory of a loved one never.’ Commemorated in Hebden Bridge Methodist Church Book of Remembrance.

Wilbert was the son of William and the late Margaret Jane Jackson (William Jackson’s second wife, over 20 years his junior, who died in 1906 aged 40). The family lived in Hebden Bridge, and Wilbert worked for Ashworth Shuttles at Royd Works and was a member of Hebden Bridge Liberal Club, a Rechabite*, and played football for Hangingroyd Shamrocks AFC. He was a member of the St.John Ambulance Brigade, and on 5th January 1915 enlisted as an ambulance driver with the Royal Marine Medical Unit. Two weeks later, while undergoing training in London, he died of pneumonia at Norwood Cottage Hospital, Crystal Palace.

His memorial service was held at Cross Lanes Chapel, and he was buried with his mother at Wainsgate on 26th January 1915.

THE RECHABITES

* The Independent Order of Rechabites (also known as The Sons and Daughters of Rechab) was a fraternal organisation and Friendly Society founded in Salford in 1835, and was part of the wider temperance movement promoting abstinence from alcohol. The Order spread to Australia and the USA, and still exists in the UK as Healthy Investment, a mutual Friendly Society specialising in ethical savings and investment products.

The original Rechabites were a Biblical clan, descendents of Rechab through Jehonadab, who forbade his people to drink wine or live in cities and commanded them to live a nomadic life: branches of the Independent Order of Rechabites were known as Tents, and the governing body was the Movable Committee, which met in a different place every two years.

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Percy Brown ROE

Serjeant, 1845344, Royal Engineers.  Died 30th October 1920, age 30. Killed in the Oxenhope charabanc disaster. CWGC headstone, plot C614, where he is buried with his three young children who predeceased him and his wife who died in 1938. Previously served with the Durham Light Infantry before and during WW1 – his marriage certificate (November 1915) records his profession as ‘Lance Corp. 10838 Durham Light Infantry’ and his residence at the time of marriage as ‘No. 2 Company, War Depot, The Barracks, Newcastle-upon-Tyne’.

Born in Addingham, the son of Thomas Roe, a greengrocer, Percy was a member of Old Town Bowling Club. He was described on his death certificate as a ‘warehouseman in a cotton mill’, living at Hebden View, Wadsworth with his wife Alice (born Johnson, daughter of John Thomas Johnson of Hebden View, Wadsworth). They married at Wainsgate Chapel in 1915 and had three children, all of whom died in infancy: Catharine Mary, died 1917 aged 2 months, Albany, died 1919 aged 4 days and Wilfred died in March 1920 aged 2 months. Alice died in 1938, aged 47: she had purchased the burial plot on 31st January 1917, shortly before the death of their daughter Catharine Mary.

Percy had been a regular soldier before the war, serving in India with the Durham Light Infantry, and was serving with them at the time of his marriage in November 1915 – Since his death was not attributable to his wartime service in the army, a CWGC headstone would indicate that he was serving in the armed forces at the time of his death, and the inscription describes him as a Serjeant in the Royal Engineers, presumably a volunteer in the Territorial Force.

INTERRED ELSEWHERE AND COMMEMORATED AT WAINSGATE

Louis ARMSTRONG

Private, 19^th Bn. Royal Fusiliers. Died 2.1.1916, age 26. Died of wounds, interred at Bethune Town Cemetery, France. Commemorated on family headstone, plot C594.

John CRABTREE

Trooper, 41^st (Oldham) Royal Tank Regiment, Royal Armoured Corps. Died 28th October 1942, age 27. Died of wounds, interred at El Alamein War Cemetery, Egypt. Commemorated on family headstone, plot E909 and on Wadsworth War Memorial, Smeakin Hill.

Photo of John Crabtree from the Alice Longstaff Collection – Pennine Horizons Digital Archive.
Photo of CWGC headstone at El Alamein War cemetery by David Milborrow – The War Graves Photographic Project.

John Crabtree (known as Jack) was born on 30th March 1915, son of Arthur and Martha Crabtree. In 1939 he was living at Slack House Farm with Stephen Pickles (his uncle?), a dairy farmer, and his wife Mary Pickles. John was employed as a wool comber, possibly at Mitchell’s mill. Old Town, and was a member of Wainsgate Tennis Club.

He married Olive Hamer in early 1940, and enlisted in the army later that year. Olive married John Birkett in 1945, and is interred at Wainsgate with her second husband and other menbers of his family (plot E961).

John Crabtree was killed in the Second Battle of El Alamein – apparently shot while getting out of his tank. He was initially buried at El Gharbaniyat Military Cemetery, and re-interred at El Alamein War Cemetery in December 1943.

Frederick DUNKLEY

Gunner, 124^th Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery. Died 10.4.1918, age 37. Died of wounds, interred at Haverskerque Cemetery, France. Commemorated on family memorial, plot F769.

John Edward GIBSON

Private, 22^nd Field Ambulance, Royal Army Medical Corps. Died 27.10.1917, age 20.  Killed in action, commemorated at Tyne Cot Memorial, Belgium. Commemorated on family headstone, plot B299a, and Hope Chapel war memorial. Killed while bringing in wounded under shellfire at Ypres.

Albert Barrett HARWOOD

Junior Wireless Operator, Mercantile Marine. Died 15th April 1917, age 23. Lost at sea. Commemorated at Tower Hill Mercantile Marine Memorial, London. Commemorated on family headstone, plot J751 (where his parents and brother are buried), Old Town Wesleyan Chapel war memorial and photograph and on Wadsworth War Memorial, Smeakin Hill. Killed when the troop ship SS Arcadian was sunk by a U-boat in the Mediterranean.

Albert was one of the three children of Samuel and Mary Jane Harwood, who lived at Chiserley Terrace and later Coronation Terrace, Old Town. He attended Old Town Wesleyan Chapel and Sunday School, and worked as a clerk at Acre Mill and later at R.B Brown & Son of Hangingroyd, Hebden Bridge. He was engaged to a Miss Scholey. Albert improved his education by attending technical clases in shorthand, typing, book keeping and accountancy, and he and his younger brother Frank Spencer Harwood received six months wireless training in Manchester before joining the Mercantile Marine as Wireless Operators.

The two brothers both started their service in the Mercantile Marine in June 1916, and Albert’s service, brief as it was, took him all over the world: Port Said, Suez, Aden, Mombassa, Durban, Barbados, Trinidad, Colon, Marseilles, Gibraltar and Bombay. He spent his 23rd birthday in November 1916 in Zanzibar. He enjoyed visits ashore, and sent home letters describing the places he had visited.

The British West Indies Regiment was a unit of the British Army during the First World War, formed from volunteers from British colonies in the West Indies. Albert travelled to Barbados and Trinidad on the troopship SS Arcadian, which was probably taking West Indian troops to fight in Europe.

Frank Harwood was a Wireless Operator on a hospital ship that struck a mine in October 1916 while collecting wounded men from France: several crew were killed but Frank survived. Albert heard of the incident while in the East, and was all too aware of the dangers they faced. In one letter home he said ‘I do not suppose I shall be long before I am in the same fix.’

Albert was a Junior Wireless Operator on the troopship SS Arcadian when it was sunk by a torpedo from the German submarine UC74 in the Mediterranean, close to the island of Milos, en route from Thessaloniki to Alexandria. The ship sank within six minutes of being hit, and of the 1,335 troops and crew on board 279 lives were lost, including 35 crew members. The survivors were rescued by an escorting Japanese Navy destroyer (Japan fought with the Allies in WW1) and the Q-ship HMS Redbreast. Among those who died were the the eminent bacteriologist Sir Marc Armand Ruffer, who was returning to Alexandria after advising on the control of an epidemic among troops based at Thessaloniki.

SS Arcadian, originally called SS Ortona, was built at Barrow-in-Furness in 1899 for the Pacific Steam Navigation Company, and was bought by the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company in 1906. In 1910 she was rebuilt by Harland & Wolff in Belfast as a cruise ship (8,939 gross tons, 320 First Class passengers) – the largest dedicated cruise ship in the world at that time – and renamed Arcadian.

When Samuel and Mary Jane Harwood received a message from the Marconi Company informing them that their son was dead, they had no idea whether it was Albert or Frank:

‘It is with the deepest regret that we have to advise you that the vessel on which your son was serving has been sunk, and that as a result he has unfortunately lost his life. At present it is impossible to give you any particulars of this sad occurence, but should we be in a position at a later date we shall not fail to advise you. We wish to convey our sincere sympathy in the loss of one who carried out his duties so satisfactorily and who was so well loved by all his fellow officers with whom he came into contact. Although your loss is irreparable, we think that notwithstanding the comfort may be slight, you will be proud to feel that your son gave his life for his country equally as bravely as the number of our young men who have given their lives in actual combatant services.’

A later message confirmed that it was Albert who had died, aged 23. Frank survived the war and died in 1982, aged 85. Samuel Harwood died in 1938 aged 77, and Mary Jane died in 1941 aged 80.

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TOWER HILL MEMORIAL

The Mercantile Marine Memorial in Trinity Square Gardens, Tower Hill, was commissioned by the Imperial War Graves Commission, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and unveiled in 1928. The memorial is a vaulted corridor in Portland stone reminiscent of a Doric temple and similar to Lutyens’ structures in cemeteries on the Western Front. The walls are clad with bronze panels which bear the names of the missing. The dedication, in bronze letters on the south face of the attic reads:

1914 – 1918
TO THE GLORY OF GOD
AND TO THE HONOUR OF
TWELVE THOUSAND
OF THE MERCHANT NAVY
AND FISHING FLEETS
WHO HAVE NO GRAVE BUT THE SEA

Photographs of Tower Hill memorial by Steve Pilcher

The IWGC sought advice on the form of the memorial from the seafarers’ unions, who consistently requested a memorial in the form of a home for aged seamen or similar, but the commission was set against functional memorials in the belief that they became associated more with their function than with commemoration. It rejected the request, overruling its own advisory committee in doing so, on the grounds that its charter did not allow it to fund the ongoing costs of an institution. It insisted that merchant seamen would be commemorated on a monument.

The site at Tower Hill also includes a memorial, in the form of a sunken garden, commemorating the 32,000 merchant seamen who lost their lives during the Second World War and a smaller memorial to members of the Merchant Navy and Royal Fleet Auxiliary who were killed in the 1982 Falklands War.

Lutyens’ original design was for a massive arch (reminiscent of the Thiepval Memorial, which he was designing for the IWGC at around the same time) at Temple Steps on the bank of the Thames, but this was rejected on the advice of the Royal Fine Arts Commission. Lutyens was furious, feeling the merchant seamen had been relegated to “some hole in the corner because they happened to be low in social status”.

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Willie SOUTHWELL

Private, 9^th Bn. King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. Died 4.10.1917, age 20. Killed in action, commemorated at Bedford House Cemetery, Belgium. Commemorated on family headstone, plot F759, together with his brother Fred who was killed in France in 1918.

Clarence Ingham SUNDERLAND

Rifleman, 18^th Bn. King’s Royal Rifle Corps. Died 30th June 1916, age 20. Killed in action, commemorated at Berks Cemetery Extension, Belgium. Commemorated on family memorial, plot F772/773, and on Wainsgate war memorial. Killed instantly by an artillery shell near Armentieres, close to the France / Belgium border.

Memorial card from the Keith Stansfield Collection – Pennine Horizons Digital Archive.

“Somehere in France”—we know not where he lies,
‘Mid shuddering earth and under anguished skies!

So fine a spirit, daring, yet serene,—
He may not, surely, lapse from what has been:
Greater, not less, his wondering mind must be;
Ampler the splendid vision he must see.
‘Tis unbelievable he fades away,—
An exhalation at the dawn of day!

from Somewhere in France by John Hogben

Photograph courtesy of the War Graves Photographic Project

Clarence was the youngest of four children of Crossley Sunderland, a fustian weaver, and his wife Ada (born Ada Ingham) of Myrtle Dene (probably on old Lees Road), Hebden Bridge. The family had previously lived at Pecket Well, and Clarence attended Crimsworth Council School before winning a scholarship to Hebden Bridge Secondary School. Before the war he had worked as a printer for the Hebden Bridge Times: he was a member of Hebden Bridge Liberal Club and had a lifelong connection with Wainsgate chapel and Sunday school. His obituary described him as ‘a quiet and genial fellow…..well known in the district’

He enlisted in the King’s Royal Rifles in September 1915 with his ‘boon companion’ Vernon Ashworth, and they both went to the front in May 1916. They remained close friends during their brief time together in Flanders. When Clarence was killed, his family received two letters informing them of their son’s death – one from his commanding officer and one from Vernon.

His two older brothers, Wallace Lindsey Sunderland and Percy Oswald Sunderland both served in the army, but survived the war. His friend Vernon, still serving with the King’s Royal Rifles, was killed in action in September 1917, aged 19.

Clarence was a talented artist, attending art classes at Halifax Technical School and winning prizes for his work. One of his best pictures, a reproduction of the painting Dante and Beatrice by the Pre-Raphaelite painter Henry Holiday, was unfinished at the time of his death.

Dante and Beatrice (1883) by Henry Holiday (Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool)

Arnold SUTCLIFFE

Private, 2^nd/4^th Bn. King’s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry. Died 29.9.1918, age 22. Killed in action, interred at Masnieres British Cemetery, Marcoing, France. Commemorated on family headstone, plot B302a.

James Thomas SUTCLIFFE

Private, 20^th (Tyneside Scottish) Bn.Northumberland Fusiliers. Died 9.4.1917, age 21. Killed in action, interred at Hervin Farm British Cemetery, St. Laurent-Blangy, France. Commemorated on family headstone, plot B34a.

OTHERS (NOT COMMEMORATED AT WAINSGATE)

Arthur KITCHEN

Gunner, ‘C’ Battery, 105^th Brigade, Royal Field Artillery. Died 24.7.1916, age 34. Died of wounds, interred atHeilly Station Cemetery, Mericourt-I’Abbe, France. Commemorated on the Hope Chapel war memorial. Does not appear on the Wainsgate war memorial, and is not commemorated on a family memorial, but his wife and daughter (plot E995) and his mother and grandmother (plot B281a) are all buried at Wainsgate.

The First World War was also known at the time as ‘The Great War‘ and ‘the war to end all wars‘. The total numbers of military and civilian casualties vary greatly, but it is generally agreed that the total is around 40 million people dead or wounded, with estimates of the total number of deaths ranging from 15 to 22 million. The total number of deaths includes between 9 and 11 million military personnel, while the civilian death toll was between 6 and 13 million people. Far from being ‘the war to end all wars’, the aftermath of the Paris Peace Conference indirectly contributed to the outbreak of the even more devastating Second World War.

The Second World War was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people died, or about 3% of the estimated 2.3 billion people on Earth in 1940. Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilian fatalities) are estimated at 50–56 million, with an additional estimated 19–28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilian deaths, including victims of the Holocaust, totaled 50–55 million. Military deaths from all causes totaled 21–25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the Republic of China and of the Soviet Union.

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Lieutenant Wilfred Owen M.C. was killed in France on 4th November 1918, exactly a week before the signing of the Armistice, aged 25. His mother was informed of his death by telegram on 11th November, Armistice day.